Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Scope
Organic chemistry is defined as the branch of chemistry that involves the scientific study of carbon and its compounds, which are characterized by covalent bonding. This subdiscipline encompasses a wide range of chemical compounds, including hydrocarbons, which consist solely of carbon and hydrogen, as well as compounds that incorporate other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens.[2.1] The study of organic chemistry includes the examination of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds, which is essential for understanding their chemical behavior and reactivity.[6.1] Additionally, organic chemistry plays a significant role in various applications, including the chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, as well as the study of individual organic molecules in both laboratory and theoretical contexts.[6.1] The determination of molecular structure is crucial for understanding the composition and formula of organic substances, which further aids in evaluating their physical and chemical properties.[6.1] Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry that focuses on the study of carbon and its compounds, which are known to form a seemingly unlimited number of structures and materials.[1.1] The term "organic" originated in the 19th century when it was believed that most carbon compounds were derived from living organisms.[5.1] Today, organic chemistry involves the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds, which include hydrocarbons—compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen—as well as compounds based on carbon that also contain other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens.[2.1] A significant aspect of organic chemistry is the isolation, purification, and structural study of naturally occurring substances, as many natural products are simple organic molecules.[5.1] Additionally, synthetic organic chemistry plays a crucial role in the field, as it involves the design and construction of new compounds for practical applications, bridging the gap between chemistry and engineering.[2.1] The scope of organic chemistry is broad, encompassing the synthesis of complex molecules, the study of their physical and chemical properties, and the exploration of their reactivity.[7.1] Recent advancements in the field have highlighted the importance of green chemistry principles, which aim to create sustainable chemical processes that minimize environmental impact.[9.1] Additionally, innovations in automated flow chemistry have improved the efficiency and reproducibility of pharmaceutical compound synthesis, marking a significant development in the application of organic chemistry.[10.1] Overall, organic chemistry plays a vital role in advancing scientific knowledge and developing new technologies that benefit society.Importance in Daily Life
Organic chemistry plays a crucial role in various aspects of daily life, particularly through its applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The integration of green chemistry principles within pharmaceutical manufacturing has led to the development of safer and more sustainable drug molecules and processes. Techniques such as solvent substitution, catalytic reactions, and biocatalysis are employed to synthesize pharmaceuticals that have a reduced environmental impact while enhancing efficiency.[21.1] Moreover, advancements in organic chemistry have facilitated the synthesis of life-changing drugs, which are vital for healthcare and well-being.[20.1] The adoption of innovative green chemistry approaches, including reduced solvent usage and the use of alternative energy inputs like microwave irradiation and photocatalysis, has transformed pharmaceutical synthesis, making it more sustainable.[22.1] These practices not only minimize the generation of hazardous substances but also improve process efficiency, thereby contributing to the overall sustainability of the pharmaceutical sector.[19.1] In addition to pharmaceuticals, organic chemistry significantly influences materials science, particularly in the development of sustainable polymers. This intersection of organic chemistry and materials science fosters the creation of environmentally responsible solutions that address contemporary challenges in various industries.[20.1] Overall, the impact of organic chemistry on daily life is profound, as it underpins advancements in health, safety, and environmental sustainability.History
Key Milestones in Organic Chemistry
The history of organic chemistry is marked by several key milestones that have significantly shaped the discipline. One of the earliest and most pivotal moments occurred in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea from ammonium cyanate, a process now known as the Wöhler synthesis. This experiment was groundbreaking as it challenged the prevailing vitalism theory, which posited that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms due to a "vital force".[54.1] Wöhler's work effectively redefined organic chemistry from the study of compounds derived from living organisms to the study of carbon-containing compounds, thus laying the foundation for modern organic chemistry.[59.1] Following Wöhler, the field continued to evolve through the contributions of various chemists. The mid-19th century saw significant advancements, including the work of August Kekulé, who developed the theory of valence in 1857, which further elucidated the bonding and structure of organic molecules.[55.1] This period also witnessed the establishment of organic synthesis as a robust scientific discipline, encouraging further research into the chemical processes of life and leading to a deeper understanding of biochemistry and molecular biology.[52.1] The historical development of organic chemistry is marked by significant milestones that have shaped the field. One of the earliest breakthroughs occurred in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea from ammonium cyanate, effectively disproving the vitalism concept and redefining organic chemistry to encompass compounds containing carbon and hydrogen, rather than solely those derived from living organisms.[59.1] This pivotal moment laid the groundwork for the evolution of synthetic organic chemistry, which is characterized by the design, analysis, and construction of organic compounds for practical applications.[49.1] In the mid-20th century, advancements in analytical techniques further transformed the discipline; notably, the development of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy by scientists such as U.S. Rabi, Block, and Purcell provided a powerful tool for determining the structures of organic compounds.[59.1] Additionally, the introduction of the Wittig reaction by Georg Wittig in 1954, which allows for the synthesis of alkenes from carbonyls and ylides, significantly enhanced the repertoire of synthetic organic chemistry.[59.1] These milestones collectively illustrate the dynamic progression of organic chemistry as a vital subdiscipline within the broader field of chemistry. Today, organic compounds are integral to numerous everyday products, including plastics, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural chemicals, underscoring the importance of organic chemistry as a discipline within the broader field of chemistry.[48.1] The evolution of organic chemistry reflects a continuous journey of discovery and innovation, driven by the contributions of many scientists and the ongoing exploration of carbon's unique properties.In this section:
Recent Advancements
Innovations in Synthesis and Reactions
Recent advancements in organic chemistry have underscored the importance of nickel-catalyzed C-H activation, which has become a predominant and ubiquitous research area. A significant development in this domain is the nickel-catalyzed enantioselective C(sp3)–H alkylation of saturated nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles with olefins, which provides an efficient strategy for the stereoselective formation of C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds.[87.1] This innovative methodology facilitates the direct functionalization of inert C-H bonds, enabling the rapid elaboration of simple organic substrates into functionally enriched molecules in a single step. Such advancements have garnered profound interest in recent years.[106.1] Additionally, the combination of biocatalytic and synthetic organic methods has been explored to enhance access to important bioactive small molecules. This chemoenzymatic approach leverages the selectivity of enzymatic transformations while incorporating synthetic techniques, thereby improving the efficiency of synthesizing complex compounds.[92.1] Furthermore, visible light photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for organic transformations, noted for its environmental friendliness and sustainability. This method has recently been applied in the alkylation of N-arylamines, showcasing its potential in modern organic synthesis.[114.1] The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into organic chemistry is heralding a significant transformation in the field, often referred to as digital chemistry. This domain encompasses advanced automation tools, machine learning algorithms, and the application of big data, which collectively enhance various aspects of chemical research.[101.1] AI technologies are particularly impactful in drug discovery, where innovations such as DeepMind's AlphaFold improve cancer detection and optimize research processes.[97.1] Furthermore, AI systems facilitate chemical reactions by recognizing chemical properties and enforcing catalysts, thereby playing a crucial role in the design of new drugs and the prediction of molecular properties.[100.1] Additionally, AI models are capable of generating novel molecular structures with desired properties, which accelerates the discovery phase and allows chemists to concentrate on high-value tasks.[99.1] Overall, the collaboration between chemists and computational models is expected to evolve significantly, driven by these advancements in AI.[97.1]Applications in Pharmaceuticals and Biochemistry
Recent advancements in organic chemistry have significantly impacted the fields of pharmaceuticals and biochemistry, particularly through innovations in synthetic methodologies. The ongoing research in synthetic methodologies has led to a diverse array of novel approaches for synthesizing bioactive compounds and key structural moieties, thereby enhancing pharmaceutical research and development.[89.1] Chemical synthesis remains a cornerstone of pharmaceutical research, with recent innovations such as small-molecule catalysts stimulated by visible light, engineered enzymes, and bio-orthogonal reactions playing crucial roles in the selective modification of proteins.[90.1] These advancements facilitate the discovery and optimization of bioactive molecules, which are essential for developing new therapeutic agents.[91.1] Moreover, the application of combinatorial chemistry has accelerated the synthesis and screening of extensive libraries of chemical compounds, thereby streamlining the drug discovery process.[93.1] Cutting-edge techniques, including enzyme-, transition metal-, photo-, and organocatalysis, have proven instrumental in the efficient synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals, enhancing regio- and stereoselectivity.[112.1] The integration of green chemistry principles into pharmaceutical synthesis has also transformed the field, promoting sustainability through practices that reduce hazardous waste and improve efficiency. Techniques such as microwave-assisted synthesis exemplify how green chemistry can lower production costs while maintaining high standards of safety and efficacy.[95.1] Furthermore, the continuous advancements in organic synthesis methodologies have revolutionized the construction of complex molecules, enabling medicinal chemists to design and optimize novel drug candidates with improved efficiency and selectivity.[111.1] This evolution in synthetic techniques not only enhances the potential for drug discovery but also addresses the challenges posed by the complexity of drug molecules, which often include amines and N-heterocycles.[113.1]In this section:
Fundamental Concepts
Structure and Bonding
Organic chemistry primarily focuses on the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of carbon-containing compounds, which are fundamental to various biological and industrial processes. Carbon's ability to form a seemingly unlimited number of compounds is central to the discipline, as it allows for the creation of diverse organic molecules that are essential in medicine, agriculture, and everyday life.[124.1] The structural representation of organic compounds is crucial for understanding their chemical behavior. Most organic compounds consist of carbon and hydrogen, often incorporating other elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.[125.1] This diversity in composition contributes to the complexity of organic molecules and their interactions. To aid in the visualization of these structures, various teaching tools have been developed. Traditional methods of visualization have limitations, prompting the integration of advanced technologies such as 3D molecular graphics programs. These programs enable users to construct, edit, and visualize molecules in three dimensions, offering a dynamic alternative to conventional teaching materials.[154.1] Furthermore, augmented reality (AR) applications, such as MoleculAR, allow students to manipulate molecular structures interactively, enhancing their understanding of 3D molecular geometry and reactivity.[157.1] Additionally, platforms like MolView provide an accessible web-based interface for visualizing and analyzing molecular structures in both 2D and 3D, thereby deepening users' comprehension of chemical compounds and biological macromolecules.[156.1] Interactive teaching units that utilize experimentally measured 3D structures have also been developed, integrating a curated subset of the Cambridge Structural Database to illustrate key chemical concepts.[158.1] These resources collectively enhance the educational experience by bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical visualization in organic chemistry.Properties and Reactivity of Organic Compounds
Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms within organic molecules that significantly influence their chemical properties and reactivity. These groups determine how organic compounds interact with one another and with various reagents, thereby facilitating predictions about their behavior in chemical reactions.[137.1] For instance, the presence of a polar functional group, such as a hydroxyl group, enhances the solubility of compounds in water, while non-polar hydrocarbon chains tend to decrease solubility.[136.1] The importance of functional groups extends beyond mere definitions; they are fundamental to the study of organic chemistry for several reasons. They enable chemists to anticipate the types of reactions in which a compound is likely to engage, thus facilitating reaction predictions.[138.1] This predictive capability is crucial in both laboratory and industrial applications, where understanding the reactivity of compounds can lead to the development of new materials and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, primary metabolites, which are directly involved in the metabolic pathways of organisms, are essential for growth, development, and reproduction.[127.1] In contrast, secondary metabolites, while not directly involved in these processes, play significant roles in ecological interactions and can influence metabolic pathways.[127.1] The interplay between these metabolites and metabolic pathways underscores the complexity of organic compounds and their reactivity within biological systems.Applications Of Organic Chemistry
Industrial Applications
Organic chemistry is integral to various industrial applications, particularly in food production and textiles. It is responsible for food preservatives such as salt and hydrogen oxide, which play a crucial role in inhibiting spoilage and maintaining food quality.[163.1] The textile industry also benefits from organic chemistry, as it contributes to the production of high-quality fibers and vibrant colors derived from organic compounds.[163.1] Recently, there has been a notable surge in innovation within organic food chemistry, driven by the increasing consumer demand for sustainable practices and advancements in scientific research.[187.1] This evolution in the field has led to the development of advanced natural preservatives and sustainable packaging solutions, although these innovations remain expensive to produce.[189.1] As consumers prioritize health and environmental concerns, finding cost-effective methods to scale these organic food chemistry solutions is essential for their widespread adoption.[189.1] In pharmaceuticals, organic chemistry serves as the foundation for drug development, where the design, synthesis, and modification of organic compounds are crucial for creating new therapeutic agents.[179.1] The discipline is integral to the development of drug delivery systems, enhancing the efficacy and safety of medications.[165.1] Recent innovations in synthetic methods, such as small-molecule catalysts and bio-orthogonal reactions, have further advanced pharmaceutical research and development, addressing challenges in drug discovery.[181.1] Organic chemistry is a fundamental branch of science that plays a vital role in various industries, particularly in food production and textiles. It is responsible for the development of food preservatives, such as salt and hydrogen oxide, which are essential for maintaining food quality.[163.1] In addition to its significance in food production, organic chemistry is also crucial in the textile industry, where it contributes to the creation of dyes and fibers, including those derived from silk caterpillars, which produce some of the most expensive textiles.[163.1] Furthermore, organic chemistry is indispensable in daily life, as it is utilized in the manufacture of a wide range of products, including plastics, household chemicals, and medicines, as well as in the development of fuels.[164.1] Its applications extend beyond these areas to include sanitation, sterilization, and even jewelry, underscoring the extensive impact of organic chemistry on everyday activities.[166.1]Environmental Impact and Sustainability
The use of organic compounds in sanitation has raised concerns regarding their environmental impact, particularly in relation to the persistence of organic pollutants and the formation of harmful by-products. Chlorine, a widely used sanitizing agent, is known to react with organic materials, leading to the formation of trihalomethanes, which can decrease its efficacy and pose risks to aquatic ecosystems due to the generation of organic chlorine compounds that persist as environmental contaminants.[169.1] This highlights the need for alternative sanitizing agents that are effective yet environmentally benign. Innovations in organic chemistry are focusing on the development of sustainable practices that minimize the environmental footprint of sanitation processes. For instance, the application of green chemistry principles aims to reduce the use and generation of hazardous substances during the manufacture and application of chemical products.[192.1] This includes the use of renewable precursors and the implementation of safer chemical routes that avoid harmful chemicals.[193.1] Green synthesis methods are being explored to enhance the sustainability of chemical reactions, emphasizing the reduction of waste and the minimization of hazardous compounds.[194.1] In the textile industry, there is a significant shift towards eco-friendly dyes and finishing techniques that utilize natural sources or minimize environmental impact.[182.1] Bio-based premordanting with natural substances is gaining traction as a sustainable method for dyeing, improving color fastness while aligning with eco-friendly practices.[183.1] However, challenges remain, such as maintaining product quality, affordability, and consumer acceptance.[185.1] Furthermore, advancements in nanomaterials are being investigated for their potential in mitigating volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with silver-based catalysts showing promise in the catalytic oxidation of harmful substances like formaldehyde.[171.1] These innovations reflect a broader trend towards integrating sustainability into organic chemistry applications, addressing both effectiveness in sanitation and the need for environmental protection.In this section:
References
[1] PDF — INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1.1 Historical Background of Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the area of chemistry that involves the study of carbon and its compounds. Carbon is now known to form a seemingly unlimited number of compounds. The uses of organic compounds impact our lives daily in medicine, agriculture, and general life.
[2] Organic chemistry - Wikipedia — Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms. Study of structure determines their structural formula. The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but also containing other elements, especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (included in many biochemicals) and the halogens. Synthetic organic chemistry is an applied science as it borders engineering, the "design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes". Organic synthesis of a novel compound is a problem-solving task, where a synthesis is designed for a target molecule by selecting optimal reactions from optimal starting materials.
[5] organic chemistry - Encyclopedia Britannica — organic chemistry, field of science concerned with the composition, properties, and structure of chemical elements and compounds that contain carbon atoms. It derives its name from the fact that in the 19th century most of the carbon compounds then known were considered to have originated in living organisms. The determination of the molecular structure of the organic substances present in living cells was necessary to the study of cellular mechanisms. Physical organic chemistry focuses on the correlation of the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds with their structural features. Organic compounds in nature A major focus of organic chemistry is the isolation, purification, and structural study of naturally occurring substances, since many natural products are simple organic molecules.
[6] Organic Chemistry - Chemistry LibreTexts — Recommended articles
[7] Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry — Key Facts & Summary of the Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds.; Covalent bonding is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.; Lewis model are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of
[9] Recent advances in green chemistry approaches for pharmaceutical ... — Recent advances in green chemistry approaches for pharmaceutical synthesis - ScienceDirect Green chemistry transforms pharmaceutical synthesis for sustainability. Green chemistry (GC) is the design of chemical products and processes that reduces or eliminates the generation of hazardous substances; it adopts practices such as reduced solvent usage, shifting to aqueous conditions, catalytic variants, microwave irradiation, ultrasound facilitation, and photochemical routes viewed within the pharmaceutical context . As a significant advancement in green chemistry approaches of chemical synthesis, this study was focused on the development of microwave-assisted green synthesis of dosage forms and pharmaceutical compounds. Green chemistry has become one of the most profitable chemical industries used in oxidative synthesis under environmental constraints with improved efficiency and lower production cost in pharmaceutical synthesis.
[10] Recent developments of automated flow chemistry in pharmaceutical ... — Recent developments in automated flow chemistry for pharmaceutical compound synthesis have garnered significant attention. Automation in synthesis represents a cutting-edge frontier in the field of chemistry, offering highly efficient, rapid, and reproducible synthetic methods that significantly shorten reaction time and reduce costs. In the realm of pharmaceutical compound synthesis
[19] Recent advances in green chemistry approaches for pharmaceutical ... — Recent advances in green chemistry approaches for pharmaceutical synthesis - ScienceDirect Green chemistry transforms pharmaceutical synthesis for sustainability. Green chemistry (GC) is the design of chemical products and processes that reduces or eliminates the generation of hazardous substances; it adopts practices such as reduced solvent usage, shifting to aqueous conditions, catalytic variants, microwave irradiation, ultrasound facilitation, and photochemical routes viewed within the pharmaceutical context . As a significant advancement in green chemistry approaches of chemical synthesis, this study was focused on the development of microwave-assisted green synthesis of dosage forms and pharmaceutical compounds. Green chemistry has become one of the most profitable chemical industries used in oxidative synthesis under environmental constraints with improved efficiency and lower production cost in pharmaceutical synthesis.
[20] PDF — The applications of industrial organic chemistry are pervasive, extending across diverse sectors and contributing to groundbreaking advancements. In pharmaceuticals, it propels the synthesis of life-changing drugs; in materials science, it lays the foundation for sustainable polymers ; and in agrochemicals, it fosters the development of environmentally responsible solutions for agriculture.
[21] PDF — The pharmaceutical industry has embraced green chemistry principles to develop safer and more sustainable drug molecules and manufacturing processes. Green chemistry techniques, such as solvent substitution, catalytic reactions, and biocatalysis, enable the synthesis of pharmaceuticals with reduced environmental impact and improved efficiency.
[22] Greener and Sustainable Trends in Synthesis of Organics and ... — Alternative energy input systems, such as mechanochemical grinding, photocatalysis, and MW- and ultrasonic irradiation have been incessantly investigated and adapted in conjunction with emerging continuous flow processes.(7–15) MW heating has emerged as an important energy source to accomplish swift chemical transformations in organic(16–18) and, lately, in nanomaterial syntheses.(19–22) Chemical processes in the syntheses of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and polymers that use alternative energy input in combination with nanocatalysts shorten the reaction time and eliminate or minimize the formation of side products.(23) Recent progress in these thematic areas encompassing greener reaction media, such as PEG and water, and in combination with photoactivation, MW and ultrasonic irradiation, and/or mixing under solvent-free conditions,(24) ensued numerous sustainable alternatives.
[48] 1.1: The Origins of Organic Chemistry - Chemistry LibreTexts — Today, organic compounds are key components of plastics, soaps, perfumes, sweeteners, fabrics, pharmaceuticals, and many other substances that we use every day. The value to us of organic compounds ensures that organic chemistry is an important discipline within the general field of chemistry.
[49] Organic chemistry - Wikipedia — Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms. Study of structure determines their structural formula. The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but also containing other elements, especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (included in many biochemicals) and the halogens. Synthetic organic chemistry is an applied science as it borders engineering, the "design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes". Organic synthesis of a novel compound is a problem-solving task, where a synthesis is designed for a target molecule by selecting optimal reactions from optimal starting materials.
[52] 18.2: Vitalism - The Difference Between Organic and Inorganic — This discovery paved the way for the development of organic chemistry as a robust scientific discipline. It encouraged further research into the chemical processes of life, leading to a better understanding of biochemistry and molecular biology. Over time, as the understanding of chemistry advanced, the definition of organic chemistry shifted.
[54] 1.1: Prelude to Organic Chemistry - Chemistry ... - Chemistry LibreTexts — The widespread belief called vitalism held that organic compounds were formed by a vital force present only in living organisms. The German chemist Friedrich Wohler was one of the early chemists to refute this aspect of vitalism, when, in 1828, he reported the synthesis of urea, a component of many body fluids, from nonliving materials. Since
[55] History of the development of organic chemistry. The subject and ... — The history of the development of organic chemistry has undergone ever greater changes over time. The work of many scientists on the mechanisms of internal processes in molecules, in reactions and systems has yielded fruitful results. So, in 1857 Friedrich Kekule develops the theory of valence.
[59] Organic Chemistry Milestones - murov.info — 1828 Friedrich Wöhler Germany By synthesizing urea from the "inorganic" ammonium cyanate, Wöhler disproved the vitalism concept (compounds derived from a living plant or animal contained a special characteristic called a vital force) that led to a redfining of organic chemistry from the chemistry of compounds derived from the living to compounds containing carbon and hydrogen and later to compounds of carbon. U.S., Switzerland, U.S. Rabi, Block and Purcell developed the extremely powerful technique of nuclear magnetic resonance that is currently used routinely for the determination of the structures of organic compounds. 1954 Georg Wittig Germany The Wittig reaction for synthesizing alkenes from carbonyls and ylides like other reactions that form carbon - carbon bonds was a very valuable addition to the repertoire of synthetic organic chemistry.
[87] Organic chemistry - Latest research and news - Nature — Organic chemistry - Latest research and news | Nature nature Organic chemistry articles from across Nature Portfolio Now, a nickel-catalysed enantioselective C(sp3)–H alkylation of saturated nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles with olefins has been developed, offering an efficient strategy for the stereoselective formation of C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds. News & Views28 Feb 2025 Nature Chemistry Research04 Mar 2025 Nature Chemistry Research28 Feb 2025 Nature Chemistry Research Highlights05 Mar 2025 Nature Synthesis Now, a nickel-catalysed enantioselective C(sp3)–H alkylation of saturated nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles with olefins has been developed, offering an efficient strategy for the stereoselective formation of C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds. News & Views28 Feb 2025 Nature Chemistry News & Views24 Feb 2025 Nature Chemistry News & Views06 Feb 2025 Nature Synthesis Nature portfolio policies
[89] New Synthetic Methodology for Drug-like Molecules - PMC — To conclude, synthetic methodology research remains in rude health, with several research groups having contributed a diverse array of novel approaches to synthesising prominent bioactive compounds and key structural moieties.
[90] The importance of synthetic chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry ... — Chemical synthesis plays a key role in pharmaceutical research and development. Campos et al. review some of the advantages that have come from recent innovations in synthetic methods. In particular, they highlight small-molecule catalysts stimulated by visible light, enzymes engineered for versatility beyond their intrinsic function, and bio-orthogonal reactions to selectively modify proteins
[91] Synthetic biology advances for pharmaceutical production - PMC — This review presents an overview of recent advances in the field, describing new computational and experimental tools for the discovery, optimization and production of bioactive molecules, and outlining progress towards the application of these tools to pharmaceutical production systems.
[92] Recent advances in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of bioactive natural ... — In recent years, organic chemists have begun exploring the combination of biocatalytic and synthetic organic methods to provide efficient access to important bioactive small molecules .Such a chemoenzymatic approach allows practitioners of the field to harness the unparalleled siteselectivity and stereoselectivity of enzymatic transformations, while also taking advantage of various
[93] PDF — Innovations driving drug discovery Recent advancements in organic chemistry have revolutionized drug discovery, paving the way for more efficient and targeted therapies across various disease areas: Combinatorial chemistry: Combinatorial chemistry accelerates the synthesis and screening of vast libraries of chemical compounds. By
[95] Recent advances in green chemistry approaches for pharmaceutical synthesis — Recent advances in green chemistry approaches for pharmaceutical synthesis - ScienceDirect Green chemistry transforms pharmaceutical synthesis for sustainability. Green chemistry (GC) is the design of chemical products and processes that reduces or eliminates the generation of hazardous substances; it adopts practices such as reduced solvent usage, shifting to aqueous conditions, catalytic variants, microwave irradiation, ultrasound facilitation, and photochemical routes viewed within the pharmaceutical context . As a significant advancement in green chemistry approaches of chemical synthesis, this study was focused on the development of microwave-assisted green synthesis of dosage forms and pharmaceutical compounds. Green chemistry has become one of the most profitable chemical industries used in oxidative synthesis under environmental constraints with improved efficiency and lower production cost in pharmaceutical synthesis.
[97] AI & Chemistry: Transforming Drug Discovery and Healthcare — This article explores the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in chemistry and healthcare. It highlights how AI, through innovations like DeepMind's AlphaFold and advanced tools, enhances drug discovery, improves cancer detection, and optimizes research. ... Emphasizing collaboration, it suggests that chemists skilled in AI
[99] From Lab to Logistics: How AI is Revolutionizing the Chemistry Industry ... — Generative Chemistry: AI models can generate novel molecular structures with desired properties, enabling the discovery of innovative materials and chemicals. By automating these processes, AI accelerates the discovery phase, allowing chemists to focus on high-value tasks. 2. AI in Process Optimization: Enhancing Manufacturing Efficiency
[100] The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Organic Chemistry — Abstract. Aim: AI systems in organic chemistry can facilitate chemical reactions by enforcing catalysts and recognizing chemical properties with the help of space structure and cause possible reactions to provide, therefor AI in organic chemistry plays an important role and can be a helpful tool for design with de novo strategies drugs and prediction molecular domain of chemical compound.
[101] Machine learning advancements in organic synthesis: A focused ... — In the era of digital chemistry, automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence (AI), a profound revolution in the field of chemistry is being witnessed , , .The research domain is currently referred to as digital chemistry, encompassing the integration of advanced automation tools, machine learning algorithms, and the application of big data , .
[106] Recent advances and prospects in nickel-catalyzed C-H activation — Nickel-catalyzed C-H activation has become a predominant and ubiquitous research area in organic chemistry. Direct functionalization of inert C-H bonds to create functionally enriched molecules by rapid elaboration of simple organic substrates in a single step has gained profound interest in recent years. Ni
[111] PDF — Organic synthesis is an indispensable tool in drug discovery, empowering medicinal chemists to design, synthesize and optimize novel drug candidates. The continuous advancements in organic synthesis methodologies and technologies have revolutionized the field, enabling the synthesis of complex molecules with improved efficiency and selectivity.
[112] Organic Synthesis and Catalysis Enable Facile Access to Bioactive ... — Cutting-edge approaches to organic synthesis include enzyme-, transition metal-, photo-, and organocatalysis, which are instrumental in accelerating the discovery of new drug candidates.Recent advances in enzyme catalysis have enabled substrate-selective catalysis and chemoenzymatic methods, facilitating the efficient synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals with enhanced regio- and
[113] Organic synthesis provides opportunities to transform drug discovery — Advertisement View all journals Search Log in Explore content About the journal Publish with us Subscribe Sign up for alerts RSS feed nature nature chemistry perspectives article Perspective Published: 22 March 2018 Organic synthesis provides opportunities to transform drug discovery David C. Blakemore1, Luis Castro2, Ian Churcher3 nAff8, David C. Rees4, Andrew W. Thomas5, David M. Wilson6 & … Anthony Wood7 nAff9 Show authorsNature Chemistry volume 10, pages 383–394 (2018)Cite this article 56k Accesses 87 Altmetric Metrics details Subjects Chemistry Drug discovery Abstract Despite decades of ground-breaking research in academia, organic synthesis is still a rate-limiting factor in drug-discovery projects. Here we present some current challenges in synthetic organic chemistry from the perspective of the pharmaceutical industry and highlight problematic steps that, if overcome, would find extensive application in the discovery of transformational medicines. Significant synthesis challenges arise from the fact that drug molecules typically contain amines and N-heterocycles, as well as unprotected polar groups. We also emphasize that syntheses compatible with biomacromolecules will find increasing use, while new technologies such as machine-assisted approaches and artificial intelligence for synthesis planning have the potential to dramatically accelerate the drug-discovery process.
[114] Visible-light-driven photoredox-catalyzed C (sp3)-C (sp3) cross ... — Visible light photocatalysis has been developed as a powerful tool for organic transformation due to its environmental friendliness and sustainability, 4,5 and recently applied in alkylation of N -arylamines. 6 In 2017, Yu and co-workers reported a novel visible-light-driven palladium-catalyzed radical alkylation of N -arylamines with alkyl
[124] PDF — 1.1 Historical Background of Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the area of chemistry that involves the study of carbon and its compounds. Carbon is now known to form a seemingly unlimited number of compounds. The uses of organic compounds impact our lives daily in medicine, agriculture, and general life. In theory (Oparin, 1923) organic
[125] Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques — Structural Representation of Organic Compounds Organic chemistry focuses on the highlights, qualities, composition, and responses of natural compounds. Carbon and hydrogen are present in most organic compounds along with some other elements, for instance, nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
[127] Primary vs Secondary Metabolites- Definition, 12 Differences, Examples — Primary metabolites are the compounds that are directly involved in the metabolic pathways of an organism necessary for its growth, development, and reproduction. Secondary metabolites are the organic compounds that are produced by various organisms that are not directly involved in the growth, development, or reproduction of the organism but
[136] Reactivity Patterns of Functional Groups | Solubility of Things — Moreover, functional groups not only dictate the reactivity of organic compounds but also influence their physical properties, including solubility, boiling and melting points, and reactivity towards other chemicals. For example, the presence of a polar functional group like a hydroxyl group increases the solubility of compounds in water, while non-polar hydrocarbon chains decrease solubility.
[137] Functional groups and their properties - OrgoSolver — Summary Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms within organic molecules that determine their chemical properties and reactivity. In this article, we have discussed some of the most important functional groups found in organic chemistry, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, amines, ethers, and carboxylic acids.
[138] Functional groups and their significance | Solubility of Things — The importance of functional groups in organic chemistry extends beyond their definition. Here are several critical reasons why they are fundamental to the study of chemistry: Facilitating Reaction Predictions: The specific nature of a functional group allows chemists to anticipate the types of reactions in which a compound is likely to
[154] A virtual alternative to molecular model sets: a beginners' guide to ... — Most molecular graphics programs allow users to construct, edit and visualize molecules in 3D, and hence, are viable alternatives to conventional teaching materials. The issue here is therefore how to bring these dynamic and interactive visualization programs as scaffolding tools for student learning .
[156] MolView: The Free 3D Molecular Viewer for Chemists and Educators — MolView is a free interactive web-based platform that lets users visualize and analyze molecular structures in 2D and 3D. This accessible tool serves chemists, educators, and students by simplifying the exploration of chemical compounds and biological macromolecules. With its user-friendly interface and robust features, MolView deepens users' understanding of molecular
[157] MoleculAR: An Augmented Reality Application for Understanding 3D ... — MoleculAR is a free, multiplatform augmented reality (AR) application that allows students to visualize and manipulate molecular structures in 3D, providing a more immersive and interactive learning experience. Using QR codes to generate 3D models of molecules, geometries, and orbitals, students can explore structures in real-time using their smartphones or tablets. Based on student survey
[158] Teaching Three-Dimensional Structural Chemistry Using Crystal Structure ... — A series of online interactive teaching units have been developed that illustrate the use of experimentally measured three-dimensional (3D) structures to teach fundamental chemistry concepts. The units integrate a 500-structure subset of the Cambridge Structural Database specially chosen for their pedagogical value. The units span a number of key chemical concepts (aromaticity, ring strain and
[163] Significance of Organic Chemicals in Industries - longdom.org — Organic chemistry is responsible for food preservers such as salt and hydrogen oxide. Organic chemistry is important not just in food production, but also in the textile industry. Silk caterpillars create the most costly fiber. Organic derivate produce some of the greatest textile colors.
[164] The Importance of Organic Chemistry in Our Life — Organic chemistry is one of the most important life sciences as it is concerned with the study of life and all the reactions that occur in life. It is indispensable on a daily basis in the lives of individuals, as it is used in the manufacture of many foods, plastics, household chemicals, medicines, and in the development of fuel as well.
[165] Applications of organic chemistry in pharmaceuticals and materials ... — Applications of organic chemistry in pharmaceuticals and materials science | Solubility of Things Organic chemistry serves as a cornerstone in the realms of pharmaceuticals and materials science, providing the foundational principles and methodologies essential for the development of a wide array of chemical compounds. By continuously exploring the chemical properties of organic compounds and utilizing innovative synthesis methods, researchers can develop advanced materials that not only meet current needs but also pave the way for future innovations that enhance quality of life. Organic chemistry plays a crucial role in the development of drug delivery systems, which are essential for enhancing the efficacy and safety of therapeutic agents. Drug Development: Organic chemistry forms the foundation of pharmaceutical development, where the design, synthesis, and modification of organic compounds enable the creation of new therapeutic agents.
[166] Importance of Organic Chemistry & Its Applications - Study Read — Organic chemistry finds wide range of applications in our daily life. It is used in food, medicine, textiles, sanitation, sterilization, jewellery etc.
[169] The role of disinfectants and sanitizers during COVID-19 pandemic ... — Chlorine also undergoes reaction with organic matter in wastewater, thereby resulting in the generation of organic chlorine compounds that persist as environmental contaminants and may pose a considerable risk to aquatic ecosystems (Emmanuel et al. 2004). An effect of disinfectants may be exerted on microbial activity in wastewater treatment
[171] Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as Environmental Pollutants ... — Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as Environmental Pollutants: Occurrence and Mitigation Using Nanomaterials - PMC Ag also attracts great interest in the field of VOCs mitigation, especially for the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde, even though its activity is lower than Pt, Pd or Au. Various Ag-based catalysts loaded on different supports (TiO2 or CeO2) were obtained by impregnation and they were tested for the oxidation of formaldehyde, resulting the complete formaldehyde conversion at about 95 °C . 52.Huang H., Hu P., Huang H., Chen J., Ye X., Leung D.Y.C. Highly dispersed and active supported Pt nanoparticles for gaseous formaldehyde oxidation: Influence of particle size. 70.Kumar V., Lee Y.-S., Shin J.-W., Kim K.-H., Kukkar D., Tsang Y.F. Potential applications of graphene-based nanomaterials as adsorbent for removal of volatile organic compounds.
[179] Applications of organic chemistry in pharmaceuticals and materials ... — Applications of organic chemistry in pharmaceuticals and materials science | Solubility of Things Organic chemistry serves as a cornerstone in the realms of pharmaceuticals and materials science, providing the foundational principles and methodologies essential for the development of a wide array of chemical compounds. By continuously exploring the chemical properties of organic compounds and utilizing innovative synthesis methods, researchers can develop advanced materials that not only meet current needs but also pave the way for future innovations that enhance quality of life. Organic chemistry plays a crucial role in the development of drug delivery systems, which are essential for enhancing the efficacy and safety of therapeutic agents. Drug Development: Organic chemistry forms the foundation of pharmaceutical development, where the design, synthesis, and modification of organic compounds enable the creation of new therapeutic agents.
[181] The importance of synthetic chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry - AAAS — Chemical synthesis plays a key role in pharmaceutical research and development. Campos et al. review some of the advantages that have come from recent innovations in synthetic methods. In particular, they highlight small-molecule catalysts stimulated by visible light, enzymes engineered for versatility beyond their intrinsic function, and bio-orthogonal reactions to selectively modify proteins
[182] Eco-Friendly Dyes & Finishing: Sustainable Textile Advances — In recent years, the textile industry has seen a significant shift towards sustainability, emphasizing the need for eco-friendly dyes and finishing techniques. Eco-friendly dyes are derived from natural sources or designed to minimize environmental impact, while finishing techniques enhance fabric properties without relying on harmful chemicals.
[183] Extraction of eco-friendly natural dyes and biomordants for textile ... — Both the mordant and the dyed materials in bio-based premordanting with bio mordants are made from natural substances originating from plants, animals, or minerals. Sustainable and eco-friendly methods in textile dyeing are in line with this strategy. To improve color fastness and intensity, bio mordants bind with the fiber and dye molecules
[185] New materials for sustainable fabrics | Opinion | Chemistry World — Other challenges that remain for bio-based materials and sustainable fabrics include maintaining the quality of the product, affordability and consumer acceptance. Chemists will play
[187] The Future of Organic Food Chemistry: Innovations and Challenges — Organic food chemistry has seen a remarkable surge in innovation, driven by both the demand for more sustainable practices and advances in scientific research. As consumers increasingly prioritize health and environmental concerns, the field of organic food chemistry is evolving to meet these needs, presenting new opportunities and challenges.
[189] PDF — organic food chemistry solutions, such as advanced natural preservatives and sustainable packaging, are still expensive to produce. Finding cost-effective methods to scale these innovations is crucial for widespread adoption. The regulatory landscape for organic food products and their associated technologies can be complex. Ensuring that new
[192] Green Chemistry Alternatives for Sustainable Development in Organic ... — Green chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that will help reduce the use and generation of hazardous substances during the manufacture and application of chemical products.In this
[193] Greener synthesis of chemical compounds and materials — For the organic synthesis, where hazardous solvents are mostly used, the 12 rules of green chemistry can be successfully applied : maximal atom economy (avoiding by-products and wastes, in particular by solvent-less techniques, i.e. dry media), safe and non-hazardous chemical routes without harmful chemicals, use of renewable precursors
[194] Advancing chemistry sustainably: From synthesis to benefits and ... — Advancing chemistry sustainably: From synthesis to benefits and applications of green synthesis - ScienceDirect Advancing chemistry sustainably: From synthesis to benefits and applications of green synthesis Green chemistry emphasizes the minimization of hazardous compounds, reduction of waste generated in conventional organic synthesis, and consideration of both production and disposal impacts. Green chemistry emphasizes the minimization of hazardous compounds, reduction of waste generated in conventional organic synthesis, and consideration of both production and disposal impacts. Green synthesis, also known as sustainable methods or environmentally friendly synthesis, is a chemical synthesis method aimed at reducing the environmental effect of chemical reactions and processes . Green chemistry emphasizes limiting utilize of hazardous compounds and decreasing waste generation in conventional organic synthesis.
[213] Organic Acids: Roles, Metabolism, Analysis, and Applications — Glycolysis: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, a three-carbon compound that can be further metabolized into organic acids such as lactate and alanine. During glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated and cleaved into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which are oxidized to pyruvate, producing ATP and
[214] (PDF) The Organic Chemistry of Biological Pathways (McMurry, John E ... — The Organic Chemistry of Biological Pathways explores the mechanistic organic chemistry at the core of essential biochemical pathways. It provides a detailed overview of reaction mechanisms, biomolecule structures, and key metabolic pathways, including the degradation and biosynthesis of lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides.
[217] 7.4: Drug discovery and development - Chemistry LibreTexts — In drug discovery either a large series of structural analogs of an initial lead compound are created and tested as part of a structure-activity relationship study or a database is screened for structural analogs of a lead compound. Figure 1. Example of a lead compound (salicylic acid) and its analog (acetylsalicylic acid)
[218] How is organic chemistry used in the medical field? - ScienceOxygen — Compounds used as medicines are most often organic compounds, which are often divided into the broad classes of small organic molecules (e.g., ... What is medicinal chemistry example? ... chemistry remains the most invaluable science and plays the most critical role in the drug development process. It serves as the backbone to framework the
[219] The Critical Role of Organic Chemistry in Drug Discovery — The challenges inherent in drug discovery require continuing investment by public and private organizations in the basic disciplines involved. Organic chemistry is a critical science where this investment has been declining for some time, in favor of increased attention to applied research such as translational medicine and biomarker development.
[220] Organic Chemistry in Drug Design - Modern Pharmaceuticals — Published Time: 2024-10-04T04:52:00+00:00 Cell Biology AI Cell Biology AI Cell Biology AI Cell Biology AI Cell Biology AI Cell Biology AI Chemists adjust functional groups such as amines, esters and hydroxyls to make drugs more effective. They also optimize molecular structure to improve performance, reduce side effects and ensure safe delivery. Scientists create new derivatives by changing the chemical structure of penicillin. Many drugs come in different stereoisomers: one form will work, while another may be harmful. Chemists can modify its structure to reduce side effects and increase efficacy. Your email address will not be published. Email* Cell Biology Linear Regression with Explainable AI for Predictive Modeling learningbreezeofficial@mail.com © 2025 Created with Learning Breeze learningbreezeofficial@gmail.com © 2025 Created with Learning Breeze
[221] Drug development: Lessons from nature - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — Natural product drug development. Although natural products have been vital in drug discovery, recently pharmaceutical companies have either terminated or substantially reduced their natural product research . The reason for this is the development of advanced techniques, such as metagenomics, combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening.
[230] 26.1: Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview — Table \(\PageIndex{3}\): Stems That Indicate the Number of Carbon Atoms in Organic Molecules The functional group, a structural arrangement of atoms and/or bonds, is largely responsible for the properties of organic compound families.
[231] Biomolecule - Definition, Types, Structure, Examples, Significance — Common types of biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Biomolecules are essential components of living organisms, classified into four major categories: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. They play a critical role in the body by serving as structural components of cells, facilitating biochemical reactions as enzymes, regulating bodily functions as hormones, and providing immune defense as antibodies. The two primary types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which carries the genetic blueprint for an organism, and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and gene expression. Biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are the fundamental building blocks of cells and tissues.
[233] Enzymes - Definition, Examples, Function - Science Notes and Projects — A non-protein, often inorganic helper (such as a metal ion) required for enzyme activity. Coenzyme: An organic molecule (often derived from vitamins) that assists enzymes during the reaction. Denaturation: The loss of an enzyme's functional shape due to extreme heat, pH, or chemicals, resulting in loss of activity. Enzyme